Elaidic anhydride is primarily used in organic synthesis as an intermediate for producing esters and amides due to its reactivity with alcohols and amines. It serves as a building block in the preparation of specialty chemicals, including surfactants and lubricant additives. Its trans-configuration influences the physical properties of derived products, making them more thermally stable. It is also employed in research settings to study reaction kinetics and stereochemistry of fatty acid derivatives. Due to its hydrophobic nature, it finds limited but specific use in modifying polymer surfaces for improved water resistance.