Iscalimab (anti-TNFRSF5/CD40 antibody) is primarily used in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. It functions by blocking the CD40 ligand-receptor interaction, a key pathway in immune system activation. This inhibition reduces the activation of T-cells and antigen-presenting cells, thereby dampening abnormal immune responses.

It has shown therapeutic potential in conditions such as primary Sjögren’s syndrome, where it helps reduce glandular inflammation and improve symptoms like dry mouth and dry eyes. Clinical trials are also exploring its use in other autoimmune disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

In transplantation, iscalimab is being investigated to prevent organ rejection by modulating the immune response without broad immunosuppression. Its targeted mechanism offers the advantage of preserving general immune defenses while specifically inhibiting pathological immune activation.

Additionally, research is ongoing into its role in oncology, particularly in combination with other immunotherapies, where modulating the CD40 pathway may enhance anti-tumor immune responses.