Amsacrine hydrochloride is primarily used in the treatment of acute leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It functions as an antineoplastic agent by intercalating into DNA, which disrupts the replication process and inhibits the growth of cancer cells. This compound is often administered intravenously in clinical settings and is typically part of combination chemotherapy regimens to enhance its efficacy. Its use is carefully monitored due to potential side effects, including myelosuppression and cardiotoxicity. Amsacrine hydrochloride has shown significant activity in inducing remission in patients with refractory or relapsed AML, making it a valuable option in oncology.