Fumonisin B1 is primarily associated with contamination in agricultural products, especially corn and corn-based foods. It is a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus *Fusarium*, which can infect crops in the field and during storage under warm, humid conditions. Its main concern lies in its toxicological impact rather than industrial or commercial applications. In animal health, Fumonisin B1 is linked to several diseases. It causes equine leukoencephalomalacia, a fatal neurological disease in horses, and porcine pulmonary edema in pigs, both of which result in high mortality. In poultry, it can suppress immune function and reduce weight gain, affecting productivity in farming operations. For humans, chronic exposure to Fumonisin B1 is a public health concern, particularly in regions where corn is a dietary staple. It is classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Research suggests a correlation between fumonisin exposure and increased incidence of esophageal cancer in certain populations. Additionally, it may disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, which plays a role in cell signaling and development, potentially contributing to birth defects such as neural tube defects in areas with high exposure. Due to these risks, monitoring and controlling Fumonisin B1 levels in food and animal feed are critical. Regulatory agencies set limits on acceptable contamination levels to protect human and animal health. Prevention strategies include good agricultural practices, proper grain storage, and breeding or engineering crops for resistance to *Fusarium* infection.