Fumonisin B1 is primarily associated with contamination in agricultural products, especially corn and corn-based foods. It is a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the *Fusarium* genus, which can infect crops in the field or during storage under warm, humid conditions. Its main significance lies in its impact on food safety and animal health. In animal production, Fumonisin B1 is linked to several serious diseases. It causes equine leukoencephalomalacia, a fatal neurological disease in horses, and porcine pulmonary edema in pigs, which affects breathing and can lead to death. Poultry and other livestock may experience reduced weight gain and liver damage when exposed to contaminated feed. In humans, chronic exposure to Fumonisin B1 is a concern due to its potential role in esophageal cancer, particularly in regions where corn is a dietary staple. It disrupts sphingolipid metabolism, which can lead to cell damage and has been associated with neural tube defects in some epidemiological studies. Due to these health risks, Fumonisin B1 is monitored in food and animal feed worldwide. Regulatory limits are enforced to minimize exposure, and testing is common in grain processing industries. Strategies such as crop rotation, proper storage, and breeding resistant crop varieties help reduce contamination.