Topiroxostat is primarily used in the treatment of hyperuricemia, a condition characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. It works by selectively inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which plays a key role in the production of uric acid. By reducing uric acid levels, it helps prevent the formation of urate crystals, which can lead to gout, a painful inflammatory arthritis. This medication is particularly beneficial for patients who cannot tolerate or have not responded well to other uric acid-lowering therapies. It is also being studied for its potential benefits in managing conditions related to oxidative stress and inflammation due to its antioxidant properties.