Used as a crosslinking agent in polymer formulations, particularly in coatings and adhesives to improve durability and chemical resistance. Its bifunctional carboxylic acid groups enable esterification reactions, making it valuable in synthesizing water-soluble polymers and modifying resin systems. Also employed in the development of functional monomers for specialty acrylic polymers, enhancing adhesion to polar substrates. Additionally, it serves as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals where controlled solubility and reactivity are required.