(R)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as a chiral building block for the synthesis of various drugs. Its enantiomeric purity makes it valuable in producing optically active compounds, particularly in the development of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and other therapeutic molecules.

In the food industry, it serves as a precursor for flavoring agents and additives, contributing to the enhancement of taste profiles in certain products. Additionally, it is employed in the production of biodegradable polymers, where it acts as a monomer for creating environmentally friendly plastics.

Its role in biotechnology includes being a substrate or intermediate in enzymatic processes and metabolic studies, aiding in the understanding of biochemical pathways. Furthermore, it finds applications in cosmetics as a component in formulations for skin care products, leveraging its mild properties for gentle exfoliation and hydration.