Widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient and active ingredient, particularly in mucolytic agents to break down mucus in respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It serves as a precursor for glutathione synthesis, supporting antioxidant defenses in the body, which is beneficial in treating acetaminophen overdose and reducing oxidative stress. In cell culture and biotechnology, it acts as a stabilizing agent and reducing agent in protein formulations. Commonly added to culture media to promote cell growth and protect against oxidative damage. Also utilized in the food industry as a dough conditioner in bread production, improving texture and reducing mixing time. Found in some cosmetic formulations for its potential skin conditioning and hair-waving properties due to its ability to break and reform disulfide bonds in proteins.