Used in cancer treatment, particularly in formulations for liver, bladder, and colorectal cancers. It acts as a topoisomerase I inhibitor, preventing DNA replication in tumor cells. Commonly incorporated into liposomes or nanoparticles to enhance tumor targeting and reduce systemic toxicity. Also studied for intravesical delivery in bladder cancer due to its localized efficacy and reduced absorption. Shows improved solubility and stability in polymer-based drug delivery systems, increasing its therapeutic window.