Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a complex cobalt-containing coordination compound and water-soluble vitamin essential for various biological processes. Chemically, it features a corrin ring structure with a central cobalt ion and is available as a high-purity (98-100%) red to brown powder, soluble in water at 50 mg/mL. As a specialty chemical reagent, it is used in biochemical research, microbiological assays (e.g., as a growth factor for bacteria), nutritional studies, and pharmaceutical formulations.

In human health, Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in the production of red blood cells, helping to prevent anemia by ensuring the proper formation and function of these cells. It is essential for maintaining a healthy nervous system, as it aids in the synthesis of myelin, the protective sheath around nerves, which facilitates efficient nerve signal transmission. This vitamin is also vital for DNA synthesis and cellular energy production, supporting overall metabolic processes. In the medical field, it is commonly used to treat deficiencies that can lead to fatigue, weakness, and neurological issues. Additionally, it is often included in supplements and fortified foods to support dietary intake, particularly for individuals following vegetarian or vegan diets, as it is naturally found in animal products. Its role in mental health is also significant, as it helps regulate mood and reduce the risk of depression by influencing neurotransmitter function.