Used to maintain a stable pH in biological and chemical experiments. Commonly applied in cell culture, protein purification, and enzyme reactions where pH control is critical. Ideal for diluting substances in immunoassays and used in diagnostic tests including ELISA and PCR. Frequently employed in pharmaceutical formulations to ensure drug stability. Also used in chromatography and electrophoresis as a running or sample buffer. Suitable for rinsing tissues and cells in histology and microscopy.