Citrate buffer is widely used in various biochemical and molecular biology applications due to its effective buffering capacity in the pH range of 3.0 to 6.2. It is commonly employed in antigen retrieval techniques for immunohistochemistry, where it helps unmask epitopes in tissue samples, enhancing antibody binding and improving staining results. In electrophoresis, citrate buffer is utilized to maintain a stable pH during the separation of nucleic acids or proteins. It also plays a role in enzyme assays, where it stabilizes pH conditions to ensure optimal enzyme activity. Additionally, citrate buffer is used in diagnostic kits and medical tests, such as blood coagulation assays, to provide a consistent and controlled environment for accurate results. Its compatibility with biological systems makes it a preferred choice in pharmaceutical formulations and vaccine production.