Used as a buffering agent in pharmaceuticals and biological systems to maintain stable pH levels. Commonly employed in diagnostic tests, including blood sample preparation, where consistent pH is critical. Serves as an electrolyte replenisher in medical treatments and in the preparation of solutions for dialysis. Also utilized in molecular biology for DNA and RNA extraction procedures due to its ability to stabilize nucleic acids. In industrial settings, it acts as a dispersing agent and water softener in detergents and cleaning formulations. Frequently found in food processing as an emulsifier, thickening agent, and to control acidity in products like processed cheeses and canned goods.

Additionally, in water treatment and municipal water systems, it helps prevent pipe corrosion by controlling minerals and heavy metal precipitation.