Used as a thickening and suspending agent in drilling fluids to stabilize boreholes and carry cuttings to the surface. Commonly applied in foundry sands to improve moldability and strength of casting molds. Utilized in cat litter for its high absorbency and clumping properties. Acts as a binder in iron ore pelletizing to enhance pellet integrity during metallurgical processing. Employed in environmental and construction applications for sealing landfill liners, pond bottoms, and waterproof barriers due to its low permeability and swelling when hydrated. Also used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals as a base for masks and topical formulations owing to its adsorptive qualities. In agriculture, it improves soil structure and water retention. In mining, it helps bind mineral dust during separation processes.