Used as a precursor in the synthesis of bipyridinium-based ionic liquids, which serve as catalysts and electrolytes in electrochemical applications. Employed in the preparation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) due to its rigid aromatic structure and ability to coordinate with metal ions. Acts as a building block for photoactive compounds in supramolecular chemistry, particularly in systems designed for light-harvesting and electron transfer studies. Also utilized in the development of sensors and molecular recognition systems owing to its distinct pyridinium functionality and charge characteristics.