Eltrombopag is primarily used to treat low blood platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) who have not responded adequately to other treatments like corticosteroids or splenectomy. It works by stimulating the bone marrow to produce more platelets, thereby reducing the risk of bleeding.

It is also used in patients with chronic hepatitis C to help maintain adequate platelet levels, allowing them to receive antiviral therapy without dose reductions or delays due to low platelets. Additionally, eltrombopag has been approved for use in certain patients with severe aplastic anemia who have not responded to immunosuppressive therapy. It helps improve blood cell production in the bone marrow, including platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells.

The drug is taken orally, making it a convenient option for long-term management of these chronic conditions. Its ability to increase platelet counts without the need for frequent injections or hospital visits improves patient compliance and quality of life.