Eltrombopag is primarily used to treat low blood platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who have not responded adequately to other treatments. It works by stimulating the bone marrow to produce more platelets, thereby reducing the risk of bleeding and bruising.

It is also used in patients with chronic hepatitis C to allow them to continue antiviral therapy by preventing treatment interruptions due to low platelet counts. Additionally, eltrombopag has been approved for use in certain patients with severe aplastic anemia, helping to improve blood cell production when other therapies have failed.

The drug is taken orally, making it a convenient option for long-term management of these chronic conditions. Its ability to increase platelet counts without the need for frequent injections or hospital visits improves patient compliance and quality of life.