Used as a transparent conductive coating in touch screens, flat panel displays, and smart windows due to its high electrical conductivity and optical transparency in the visible range. Applied in energy-efficient smart windows with electrochromic or thermochromic properties. Serves as a protective layer against UV and infrared radiation in coatings for automotive and architectural glass. Utilized in the production of transparent electrodes for solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Enables flexible electronics and wearable devices when incorporated into polymer substrates. Also used in anti-static coatings for electronic devices and packaging materials to prevent electrostatic discharge.