Used as a transparent conductive coating in touch screens, flat panel displays, and smart windows due to its high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Applied in energy-efficient windows and electrochromic devices for controlling light and heat transmission. Employed in solar cells to enhance light transmission and electron collection. Utilized in anti-static coatings for electronic displays and optical films to prevent dust accumulation and electrical interference. Also used in infrared-reflective coatings for heat management in aerospace and automotive glazing. Suitable for flexible electronics and wearable devices owing to its dispersion form enabling solution-based processing.