Used extensively as a transparent conductive coating in flat panel displays, touchscreens, and OLEDs due to its high optical transparency and electrical conductivity. Commonly found in smart devices, tablets, and smartphones. Also applied in solar cells to allow light transmission while conducting electricity. Used in energy-efficient windows for heat reflection and in LED lighting. Serves as a conductive layer in electrochromic devices and sensors. Its durability and clarity make it ideal for optical coatings and transparent electrodes.