Used extensively as a transparent conductive coating in flat panel displays, touchscreens, and OLEDs due to its high optical transparency and electrical conductivity. Commonly found in smartphone screens, tablets, and computer monitors. Also applied in energy-efficient windows to reflect infrared radiation while allowing visible light to pass. Used as an electrode in solar cells and thin-film photovoltaic devices. Employed in transparent heaters for aircraft windshields and automotive defrosters. Utilized in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and electrochromic devices. Its compatibility with semiconductor processing makes it ideal for integrated optoelectronic applications.