Lucanthone is primarily used in the treatment of schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It works by inhibiting the enzyme topoisomerase II in the parasites, which is crucial for their DNA replication and survival. This disruption effectively kills the parasites, helping to control and reduce the spread of the disease. Lucanthone has been particularly useful in areas where schistosomiasis is endemic, providing a therapeutic option to alleviate the symptoms and complications associated with the infection. Additionally, research has explored its potential as an anticancer agent due to its ability to interfere with DNA processes in rapidly dividing cells, though its use in oncology remains investigational.