Used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in esterification and transesterification reactions. It facilitates the production of biodiesel by promoting the conversion of triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters. Also employed in the preparation of tin oxide films through chemical vapor deposition, which are applied in semiconductor devices and gas sensors. Its role as a crosslinking agent in sol-gel processes makes it useful for creating metal-organic frameworks and functional coatings. Additionally, it finds use in textile finishing and flame retardant formulations due to its thermal stability and ability to promote char formation.