Used as an electron-deficient building block in organic semiconductors, particularly in the synthesis of conjugated polymers for organic solar cells and field-effect transistors. Its strong electron-accepting nature enhances charge separation and electron transport in polymer-based electronic devices. Commonly incorporated into donor-acceptor copolymers to fine-tune energy levels and improve device efficiency. Also studied in organic photovoltaics for its ability to increase open-circuit voltage and overall power conversion efficiency.