Used as an organic semiconductor material in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), particularly as a key component in sensitizing dyes for light absorption and electron injection. Enhances solar energy conversion efficiency due to strong absorption in the visible to near-infrared range. Also applied in optoelectronic devices such as organic photodetectors and thin-film transistors owing to its excellent charge transport properties and thermal stability. Suitable for use in nonlinear optical devices and has potential in molecular electronics due to its conjugated structure and electron-withdrawing characteristics.