Used as a key intermediate in the synthesis of organic semiconductors and optoelectronic materials. Its strong electron-withdrawing nature makes it suitable for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells as part of sensitizers or interface modifiers to enhance electron transport and photovoltaic efficiency. Also employed in the development of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials due to its extended π-conjugation and polarizability. Additionally, it serves as a building block in the preparation of push-pull chromophores for use in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and field-effect transistors (OFETs).