Used as a key building block in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), enabling applications in gas storage, separation, and catalysis due to its rigid structure and multiple binding sites. Its carboxyl groups allow strong coordination with metal ions, enhancing framework stability. Also explored in proton-conductive materials for fuel cell membranes and in dye-sensitized solar cells as a linker for improved electron transfer. Shows potential in sensing applications because of its ability to form fluorescent or electroactive complexes with metals.