Used as a key building block in the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly for constructing porous and stable network structures. Its rigid, linear geometry and multiple carboxylic acid groups enable strong coordination with metal ions, enhancing framework stability. Commonly applied in gas storage, separation processes, and catalysis due to the high surface area and tunable pore size of resulting MOFs. Also explored in sensing applications and as a linker in conjugated porous polymers for optoelectronic devices.