Used in surface modification of gold nanoparticles due to its thiol group, enabling stable self-assembled monolayers. Acts as a linker in biosensors by conjugating biomolecules to metal surfaces. Employed in electrochemistry for creating functionalized electrodes with improved sensitivity. Also utilized in drug delivery systems where controlled release is achieved through thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Its carboxylic acid group allows further chemical derivatization, enhancing versatility in material science and bioconjugation applications.