Used in the production of titanium dioxide pigments, which are widely applied in paints, coatings, plastics, and paper for their bright white color and high opacity. Also employed in textile and fiber industries as a delustrant. Acts as a catalyst or intermediate in certain chemical synthesis processes. Applied in surface treatment of metals to produce durable oxide films, enhancing corrosion resistance and high-temperature tolerance, suitable for parts in aviation and automotive industries. Used in wastewater treatment to help precipitate heavy metals. Investigated for use in photocatalytic materials that break down pollutants under light exposure.