Used in surface modification to introduce carboxyl-functionalized PEG layers, enhancing biocompatibility and reducing non-specific binding in biomedical applications. Commonly employed in biosensors and diagnostic devices to immobilize biomolecules like proteins and antibodies through carbodiimide coupling chemistry. Improves stability and solubility of nanoparticles in aqueous environments, making it valuable in drug delivery systems. Applied in microarray technology to create functional surfaces for high-density biomolecular spotting. Also utilized in tissue engineering scaffolds to promote cell adhesion and support controlled release of therapeutic agents.