Anemarsaponin B is a bioactive saponin compound primarily studied for its diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, and anticancer activities. It inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines, positioning it as a candidate for research in inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and asthma. In neuropharmacology, it offers protective effects against neuronal damage, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease models, by mitigating oxidative stress and amyloid-beta-induced toxicity. Its antidiabetic potential involves enhancing insulin sensitivity and promoting glucose uptake in cellular models. Anemarsaponin B also demonstrates antiviral effects against certain enveloped viruses through interference with viral entry or membrane fusion. Furthermore, studies have shown it can inhibit the growth of specific cancer cells, including lung and liver cancer cells. It has been incorporated into dietary supplements and cosmetics, claimed to support skin health and immune function, though additional research is required to confirm long-term efficacy and safety. Overall, its multifaceted bioactivities highlight its value in developing natural product-based therapies for chronic, neurodegenerative, and oncological conditions.