Used as a buffering agent in pharmaceuticals and biological solutions to maintain stable pH levels. Commonly employed in laboratory settings for sample preparation, especially in DNA and RNA isolation procedures, cell washing, ELISA assays, and protein studies. It serves as a key component in buffers like Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS).

Acts as a cleaning agent in detergents due to its water-softening properties.

Utilized in food processing as an emulsifier, thickening agent, and acidity regulator, particularly in processed cheeses, canned products, processed meats, and milk powder to maintain moisture and improve product structure.

Found in dental cements and used in some medicinal formulations as a laxative.

Employed in water treatment for potable and industrial water to prevent pipe corrosion by controlling minerals and inhibiting heavy metal precipitation.