Used as a red pigment in ceramics, glass, paints, and enamels, providing a bright red to reddish-brown color.

Employed in antifouling paints for marine applications and antimicrobial coatings for medical devices and textiles due to its biocidal activity against bacteria and algae.

Applied in semiconductor devices, particularly solar cells and photoelectrochemical cells, as a p-type semiconductor with suitable bandgap for light absorption.

Utilized in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors as an electrode material to enhance energy storage and electrochemical performance.

Serves as a catalyst in organic synthesis, including oxidation reactions and coupling processes.

Used in gas sensors for detecting gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen through changes in electrical resistance.

Applied in corrosion-resistant coatings and durable paints for environmental protection.