Used as a buffer in cleaning products to maintain pH stability. Acts as a water softener in laundry detergents by binding to calcium and magnesium ions. Employed in metallurgy as a flux to remove oxide impurities during welding and soldering. Found in enamel and glaze formulations for ceramics to improve durability and finish. Serves as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products due to mild antimicrobial properties. Utilized in the production of borosilicate glass for its thermal resistance. Applied in fire retardants to reduce flammability of materials. Used in biochemistry for borate buffer preparation in electrophoresis and other laboratory techniques.