Used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in Friedel-Crafts acylation and esterification reactions. It is also employed in the preparation of bismuth-containing pharmaceuticals due to its low toxicity compared to other heavy metal salts. Applied in the synthesis of bismuth oxide materials for use in electronic ceramics and oxygen sensors. Additionally, it serves as a starting material for coating formulations and in the production of pearlescent pigments used in cosmetics and decorative paints. Its antimicrobial properties make it useful in some medicinal and topical formulations.