Used in the synthesis of bismuth-containing nanomaterials and catalysts due to its ability to act as a precursor in chemical vapor deposition and solvothermal processes. Employed in some pharmaceutical formulations as an astringent and antiseptic, particularly in treatments for gastrointestinal disorders and throat lozenges. Serves as a reagent in analytical chemistry for the detection of hydrogen sulfide and other sulfide ions, forming characteristic precipitates. Utilized in the preparation of pearlescent pigments for cosmetics and specialty coatings, where it contributes to iridescent effects. Also finds use in metallurgical research and as a component in low-melting-point alloys and solders. Acts as a Lewis acid catalyst in various organic synthesis reactions.