Used as a catalyst in sulfuric acid production and in the synthesis of maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride. Employed in electrochemical applications, including vanadium redox flow batteries for energy storage. Applied in analytical chemistry for detecting phosphates and silicates. Utilized in the preparation of vanadium-based chemicals and ceramics. Also used in textile printing, metal coatings for corrosion resistance, and as a corrosion inhibitor in industrial water systems.