Used as a catalyst in sulfuric acid production and in the synthesis of maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride. Employed in the preparation of vanadium compounds for industrial use. Applied in electrochemical processes, including the formulation of electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries. Utilized in analytical chemistry for detecting phosphate and silicate ions. Also used in the textile industry for dyeing and mordanting fabrics. Shows biocidal properties, making it useful in corrosion inhibition and water treatment systems. Investigated for potential use in pharmaceuticals and as a reagent in organic synthesis.