Used in buffer solutions for biological and biochemical research to maintain stable pH levels, especially in laboratory procedures like enzyme reactions and protein purification. Commonly applied in pharmaceuticals as an excipient to adjust pH in drug formulations. Employed in water treatment to control scale and corrosion by sequestering metal ions. Utilized in food industry as an emulsifier, thickening agent, and pH regulator in products such as processed cheeses and baked goods. Also found in cleaning products and detergents for its water-softening properties.