Used in buffer solutions for biological and biochemical research to maintain stable pH levels, especially in laboratory procedures like cell culture and protein purification. Commonly employed in pharmaceutical formulations to adjust pH and enhance solubility of active ingredients. Utilized in water treatment processes to control scale and corrosion by sequestering metal ions. Applied in food industry as an emulsifier, thickening agent, and pH regulator in products such as processed cheeses and baked goods. Also found in cleaning products for its water-softening and dirt-suspending properties.