Ruthenium is widely used in the electronics industry, particularly in the production of thick-film resistors for electronic circuits. These resistors are essential components in devices such as smartphones, computers, and automotive electronics due to their stability and durability. It is also a key additive in wear-resistant electrical contacts, where it improves hardness and resistance to corrosion and oxidation. This makes it valuable in high-performance electrical connectors and switches used in demanding environments. In the chemical industry, ruthenium serves as a catalyst in various reactions, including the synthesis of ammonia and organic compounds. It plays a critical role in some types of hydrogenation and oxidation processes. Ruthenium compounds are used in dye-sensitized solar cells, where they help convert sunlight into electricity efficiently and cost-effectively. These solar cells are used in niche energy applications and research settings. Additionally, ruthenium is used in advanced chip manufacturing, especially in the development of next-generation semiconductor materials and interconnects, supporting miniaturization and improved performance in microelectronics.