Used in immunological research to study cell adhesion and immune cell signaling. Plays a role in developing assays that measure leukocyte binding and migration, important in inflammation and immune response studies. Commonly employed in protein-protein interaction studies, especially in evaluating integrin-ligand binding for therapeutic targeting. Utilized in ELISA and flow cytometry to detect and quantify interacting molecules. Supports development of biologics and monoclonal antibodies aimed at treating autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation.