Used in immunological research to study cell signaling pathways involved in tissue development and cancer progression. Serves as a target antigen for monoclonal antibody development and validation in preclinical studies. Employed in binding assays to evaluate therapeutic antibody affinity and specificity in non-human primate models. Supports vaccine and biologic drug testing due to its role in immune response modulation. Commonly used in ELISA, flow cytometry, and surface plasmon resonance applications.