Used as a dopant in calcium fluoride crystals for solid-state lasers, particularly in high-power and high-temperature applications. Employed in the production of specialty glasses and optical fibers due to its ability to modify refractive index and improve thermal stability. Acts as a catalyst in organic synthesis, especially in dehydration and condensation reactions. Utilized in the fabrication of phosphors for lighting and display technologies, offering efficient luminescence under UV excitation. Also applied in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber because of its high neutron capture cross-section.