Used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in esterification and transesterification reactions due to its strong Lewis acidity. Employed in the production of specialty glasses and ceramics to improve thermal stability and refractive index. Applied in water treatment processes for phosphate removal, helping to control eutrophication in wastewater. Also utilized in analytical chemistry as a reagent for the determination of certain anions. Shows potential in biomedical applications, such as in the formulation of contrast agents and in drug delivery systems.