Used as a redox mediator in electrochemical sensors due to its stable and reversible electron transfer properties. Employed in the development of biosensors for detecting glucose, cholesterol, and other biomolecules. Acts as a photosensitizer in photopolymerization reactions, useful in coatings and printing inks. Serves as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in oxidation reactions. Applied in dye-sensitized solar cells to enhance electron transport. Also utilized in research for studying radical reactions and charge transfer processes, as well as in photochemical and photocatalysis applications for alternative energy production such as artificial photosynthesis and hydrogen generation from water under sunlight.