Ethyl 4-hydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylate is primarily used in organic synthesis as a key intermediate in the production of various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. It plays a significant role in the synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives, which are essential components in drugs targeting diseases such as cancer, viral infections, and inflammation. Additionally, it is utilized in the development of herbicides and fungicides, contributing to crop protection and agricultural productivity. Its versatility in chemical reactions makes it valuable for constructing complex molecules in medicinal and industrial chemistry.