Used as a ligand in coordination chemistry to form metal complexes with transition metals, particularly in the development of catalytic systems and supramolecular architectures. Its rigid, extended structure supports the formation of stable, well-defined complexes useful in photochemical and electrochemical applications. Commonly employed in the design of molecular devices, sensors, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) due to its ability to chelate metals and facilitate electron transfer processes. Also investigated for use in dye-sensitized solar cells and luminescent materials.